Standard Library

The standard library offers a number of miscellaneous utility functions, which can be used for various purposes. These are the most commonly used functions, so the standard library is almost certain to be included in the host program.

The standard library can usually be accessed with the import keyword:

import standard;

Defined Misc. Functions

clock(): string

This function returns a string representation of the current timestamp.

hash(self: any): int

This function returns a hashed value of self.

This function uses the internal literal hashing algorithms. As such, the following can’t be hashed:

• functions
• types
• opaques
• null

Any attempt to hash these will return -1, except null which returns 0.

Defined Maths Functions

abs(self): any

This function returns the absolute value of any integer or float passed in.

ceil(self): int

This function returns the value of any integer or float passed in, rounded up.

floor(self): int

This function returns the value of any integer or float passed in, rounded down.

max(…): any

This function returns the value of the highest integer or float passed in. It can take any number of arguments.

min(…): any

This function returns the value of the lowest integer or float passed in. It can take any number of arguments.

round(self): int

This function returns the value of any integer or float passed in, rounded to the nearest whole number.

sign(self): int

This function expects an integer or float as the value for self.

If self is below 0, this function returns -1. Otherwise it returns 1.

normalize(self): int

This function expects an integer or float as the value for self.

If self is below 0, this function returns -1. Otherwise if self is above 0, this function returns 1. Otherwise it returns 0.

clamp(value, min, max): any

This function expects integers or floats as the values for value, min, and max.

If value is smaller than min, this function will return min. Otherwise, if value larget than max, it will return max. Otherwise, it will return value.

lerp(start, end, amount): any

This function expects integers or floats as the values for value, min, and max.

This function will return the value of start adjusted towards the value of end by amount, by interpreting amount as a fraction.

Defined Compound Functions

concat(self, other): any

This function only works when self and other are matching compounds (both arrays, dictionaries or strings). It returns a new compound of that kind, with the content of other appended to the content of self.

containsKey(self: dictionary, key): bool

This function returns true if self contains the given key, otherwise it returns false.

containsValue(self, value): bool

This function returns true if self contains the given value, otherwise it returns false.

every(self, func: fn): bool

This function takes either an array or a dictionary as the self argument, and a function as func. The argument func must take two arguments - the first is the index/key of the array/dictionary, and the second is the value. The contents of self are passed into func, one element at a time, until func returns false, at which point this function returns false. Otherwise this function returns true.

forEach(self, func: fn)

This function takes either an array or a dictionary as the self argument, and a function as func. The argument func must take two arguments - the first is the index/key of the array/dictionary, and the second is the value. The contents of self are passed into func, one element at a time.

import standard;

fn p(i, x) {
    print x;
}

var a = [1, 3, 5];

a.forEach(p); //prints 1, 3, and 5 to stdout

filter(self, func: fn): any

This function takes either an array or a dictionary as the self argument, and a function as func. The argument func must take two arguments - the first is the index/key of the array/dictionary, and the second is the value. The contents of self are passed into func, one element at a time, and the function returns a new compound for every element that func returned a truthy value for.

getKeys(self: dictionary): [any]

This function returns an array of all non-null keys stored within the dictionary. The order is undefined.

getValues(self: dictionary): [any]

This function returns an array of all values with non-null keys stored within the dictionary. The order is undefined.

indexOf(self: array, value): int

This function returns the first index within self that is equal to value, or null if none are found.

map(self, func: fn): any

This function takes either an array or a dictionary as the self argument, and a function as func. The argument func must take two arguments - the first is the index/key of the array/dictionary, and the second is the value. It returns an array with the results of each call - the order of the results when called on a dictionary are undefined.

import standard;

fn increment(k, v) {
    return v + 1;
}

var a = [1, 2, 3];

print a.map(increment); //prints [2,3,4];

reduce(self, default: any, func: fn): any

This function takes either an array or a dictionary as the self argument, a default value, and a function as func. The argument func takes three arguments - the first is the accumulator, the second is the index/key and the third is the value. It applies the given function to every element of the array/dictionary, passing the result of each call as the accumulator to the next (the default value is used for the first call). Finally, the final value of the accumulator is returned to the caller.

import standard;

fn f(acc, k, v) {
	return acc + v;
}

var a = [1, 2, 3, 4];

print a.reduce(0, f); //prints "10"

some(self, func: fn): bool

This function takes either an array or a dictionary as the self argument, and a function as func. The argument func must take two arguments - the first is the index/key of the array/dictionary, and the second is the value. The contents of self are passed into func, one element at a time, until func returns true, at which point this function returns true. Otherwise this function returns false.

sort(self: array, func: fn)

This function takes an array as the self argument, and a comparison function as func. The argument func must take two arguments, and return a truthy or falsy value. The contents of the array in self are sorted based on the results of func, as though the function were the less comparator function.

import standard;

fn less(a, b) {
    return a < b;
}

var a = [4, 1, 3, 2];

print a.sort(less); //prints "[1, 2, 3, 4]"

toLower(self: string): string

This function returns a new string which is identical to the string self, except any uppercase letters are replaced with the corresponding lowercase letters.

toString(self): string

This function returns a string representation of self. This is intended for arrays and dictionaries, but can theoretically work on any printable value.

If the resulting string is longer than TOY_MAX_STRING_LENGTH - 1, then it is truncated.

toUpper(self: string):string

This function returns a new string which is identical to the string self, except any lowercase letters are replaced with the corresponding uppercase letters.

trim(self: string, trimChars: string = “ \t\n\r”): string

This function returns a new string which is identical to the string self, except any characters at the beginning or end of self which are present in the argument trimChars are removed. The argument trimChars is optional, and has the following characters as the default value:

• The space character
• The horizontal tab character
• The newline character
• The carriage return character

These characters used because they are the only control characters currently supported by Toy.

trimBegin(self: string, trimChars: string = “ \t\n\r”): string

This function is identical to trim(self, trimChars), except it is only applied to the beginning of the first argument.

trimEnd(self: string, trimChars: string = “ \t\n\r”): string

This function is identical to trim(self, trimChars), except it is only applied to the end of the first argument.